Other marine organisms

Okadaic acid, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC₅₀=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC₅₀=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC₅₀=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC₅₀=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC₅₀=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid induces tau phosphorylation.

Pristane (Norphytane) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon oil found in small quantities in many plants, in various marine organisms, and as the most active component of mineral oil. Pristane is a non-antigenic adjuvant, and induces MHC class II-restricted, arthritogenic T cells in the rat.

Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 ( K_D=80 nM). Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC₉₀ of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research.

24-Methylenecholesterol (Ostreasterol) is a regulator targeting acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with anti-aging and neuroprotective effects. 24-Methylenecholesterol mimics the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF), can extend yeast lifespan through an anti-oxidative stress mechanism, and exhibits neuroprotective activity in PC12 cells. 24-Methylenecholesterol can reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, activate anti-oxidative stress pathways (such as UTH1, SOD-related genes), and promote synaptic growth.

Didemnin B is a depsipeptide extracted from the marine tunicate Trididemnin cyanophorum. Didemnin B can be used for the research of cancer.

Peridinin is a hydroxylated carotenoid ketone that exhibits inhibitory activity against DENV NS2B/NS3 protease and all dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4). Peridinin inhibits dengue virus production and reduces viral titers. Peridinin is applicable to research related to dengue virus infection.

Squalamine (MSI-1256) is an aminosterol compound with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Squalamine makes cells less conducive to certain viral replication by altering the electrostatic interactions in the inner membrane of host cells. Squalamine also has antibacterial and antitumor activities. Squalamine has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Squalamine inhibits tumor-related angiogenesis and the growth of human breast cancer cells. Squalamine restores the function of enteric nervous system in Parkinson^,s disease mouse models.

Bryostatin 1 is a natural macrolide isolated from the bryozoan Bugula neritina and is a potent and central nervous system (CNS)-permeable PKC modulator. Bryostatin 1 binds to the isolated C1 domain of Munc13-1 and the full-length Munc13-1 protein with K_is of 8.07 nM and 0.45 nM, respectively. Bryostatin 1 has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-HIV-1 infection properties.

Spisulosine (ES-285) is an antiproliferative (antitumoral) compound of marine origin. Spisulosine inhibits the growth of the prostate PC-3 and LNCaP cells through intracellular ceramide accumulation and PKCζ activation. Spisulosine induces apoptosis in PC-3 and LNCaP cells.

Dolastatin 10 (DLS 10) is a potent antimitotic peptide that inhibits tubulin polymerization.

Squalamine lactate is an aminosterol compound discovered in the tissues of the dogfish shark, with antimicrobial activity, and used for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

(-)-(1S,3S)-MTCA can be isolated from Japanese soy sauce. (-)-(1S,3S)-MTCA induces revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA100, after treatment with nitrite.

D-Cysteinolic acid is found in starfish. D-Cysteinolic acid is also found in red alga and green algae.

Citranaxanthin is a carotenoid that can be isolated from Sea Hare Dolabella auriculari. Carotenoids are important biological active, and may regulate cellular differentiation, growth control, photooxidative protection, cell membrane stability, photosynthesis, vision process and nutrition.

24-Methylenecholesterol (Ostreasterol) (Standard) is the analytical standard of 24-Methylenecholesterol (HY-133968). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 24-Methylenecholesterol (Ostreasterol) is a regulator targeting acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with anti-aging and neuroprotective effects. 24-Methylenecholesterol mimics the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF), can extend yeast lifespan through an anti-oxidative stress mechanism, and exhibits neuroprotective activity in PC12 cells. 24-Methylenecholesterol can reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, activate anti-oxidative stress pathways (such as UTH1, SOD-related genes), and promote synaptic growth.

Nephthenol is a terpenoid that can be isolated from Nephthea brassica. Nephthenol exhibits cytotoxicity in cells A549, HT-29, KB and P-388 with IC₅₀s of 2.72, 3.01, 1.84, and 0.42 µg/mL, respectively.

Juncin E is a diterpenoid found in the soft coral Junceella juncea that exhibits significant insecticidal activity against the larvae of two important agricultural pests: southern corn rootworm and tobacco armyworm^[2].

Halocyamine B exhibits antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria and yeasts. Halocyamine B exhibits cytotoxicity to cultured neural cells of rat fetal brain, mouse neuroblastoma N18 cells, and human hepatoma HepG2 cells.

Lepadin H is a ferroptosis inducer and apoptosis inducer with in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor efficacy against cancer cells. Lepadin H reduces GPX4 and SLC7A11 levels, increases p53 and ACSL4 expression, drives lipid hydroperoxide production, elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, reduces cellular glutathione (GSH) levels, induces lipid peroxidation and G₂/M phase cell cycle arrest, and suppresses clonogenic growth and migration of cancer cells.Lepadin H can be used for the research of melanoma.

Lepadin E is a significantly cytotoxic ferroptosis inducer that induces iron death through the classical p53-SLC7A11-GPX4 pathway. Lepadin E promoted p53 expression, decreases SLC7A11 and GPX4 levels, and leads to increased ROS and lipid peroxide production, and upregulated ACSL4 expression, thus causes cell death. Lepadin E has significant antitumor effect.